A
pump is a device used to move
fluids, such as
gases,
liquids or
slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. One common
misconception about pumps is the thought that they create pressure.
Pumps alone do not create pressure; they only displace fluid,
causing a flow. Adding resistance to flow causes
pressure
positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by
trapping a fixed amount of it then forcing (displacing) that trapped
volume into the discharge pipe. A positive displacement pump can be
further classified as either
- a rotary-type, for example, the lobe, external gear, internal
gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane pumps,
- the Wendelkolben pump or the helical twisted Roots
pump.
- the liquid ring vacuum pump
[edit] Gear
pump
This uses two meshed gears rotating in a closely fitted casing.
Fluid is pumped around the outer periphery by being trapped in the
tooth spaces. It does not travel back on the meshed part, since the
teach mesh closely in the centre. Widely used on car engine oil
pumps.
[edit] Progressing cavity pump
Widely used for pumping difficult materials such as sewage
sludges, contaminated with large particles, this pumps consists of a
spiral shaped rotor, about 10 times as long as its width. This can
be visualised as a central core of diameter x, with typical a curved
spiral wound around of thickness half x, although of course in
reality it is made from one casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy
duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness typically x also. As the shaft
rotates, fluid is gradually forced up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps
can develop very high pressure at quite low volumes.
[edit] Roots-type pumps
The low pulsation rate
and gentle performance of this Roots-type positive displacement pump
is achieved due to a combination of its two 90° helical twisted
rotors, and a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at
the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design
produces a continuous and non-vorticuless flow with equal volume.
High capacity industrial "air compressors" have been designed to
employ this principle as well as most "superchargers" used on
internal combustion engines.
[edit] Reciprocating-type pumps
Reciprocating-type pumps use a piston and cylinder arrangement
with suction and discharge valves integrated into the pump. Pumps in
this category range from having "simplex" one cylinder, to in some
cases "quad" four cylinders or more. Most reciprocating-type pumps
are "duplex" (two) or "triplex" (three) cylinder. Furthermore, they
are either "single acting" independent suction and discharge strokes
or "double acting" suction and discharge in both directions. The
pumps can be powered by air, steam or through a belt drive from an
engine or motor. This type of pump was used extensively in the early
days of steam propulsion (19th century) as boiler feed water pumps.
Though still used today, reciprocating pumps are typically used for
pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils.
[edit] Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm
pumps
Another modern application of positive displacement pumps are
compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air
these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all
manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry
regulation. Commonly seen in all areas of industry from shipping to
process, SandPiper, Wilden Pumps or ARO are generally the larger of
the brands. They are relatively inexpensive and can be used for
almost any duty from pumping water out of bunds, to
pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependant on how the
pump is manufactured - elastomers / body construction). Suction is
normally limited to roughly 6m although heads can be almost
unlimited